GCSE Physical Landscapes

A GCSE map question is a hill wearing a disguise. The spur and the valley are the same lines, bending opposite ways.

A Lake District beck in spate and the Mississippi in flood are the same machine at different stations: steep and narrow, then lazy and wide.

Constructive waves build. Destructive waves take. Longshore drift is the conveyor. Cave–arch–stack–stump is the headland’s life.

Ice is a river that can be a kilometre thick. It leaves a cirque, an arête, a horn, a U, and a pile of till.

Holderness till does not wait for a wave. After rain the cliff rotates on a curved shear and the toe shoves the beach.

The Cairngorms still carry freeze–thaw scars. Alaska still has ice wedges growing. Cold without a glacier is its own factory.