Realm
Atmosphere
Air as a heat engine
Layers, insolation, wind, cells, fronts, and storms. The film of air that writes weather.
Atmosphere as a thin film
Weather lives in a thin film. The rest of the stack is overhead, not climate.
Earth’s energy budget
The ground, not the air, takes the Sun’s punch first.
Thermal circulation
A coastal school feels the sea breeze at last period for a reason.
Wind, PGF and Coriolis
Air starts downhill on the pressure slope. Earth then twists the path.
Three-cell circulation
One cell would be the textbook. Three cells are the planet we have.
Fronts as wedges
A cold front is a wedge, not a line on a TV map.
Cyclone and anticyclone
A midlatitude cyclone is a spinning comma of fronts, not a hurricane.
Climate types
Köppen is a map of plants pretending to be a map of weather. The tiles are biomes with a temperature–rain story.
Rain shadow
The Lake District is wet on the west. Penrith, just over the ridge, is drier. The mountain is a barrier, not a cloud factory.