Realm
Water & Carbon
Stores, flows, and time
The water cycle as a closed budget. Reservoirs, transfers, and a basin you can drain.
Water cycle stores and flows
A blackout after a blizzard is weather. The reason there is snow to melt into the reservoir is a closed budget of stores and transfers.
Drainage basin
Click the divide. Source, tributary, confluence, mouth — one budget with a rim.
Storm hydrograph
Rain is the input. The river’s reply has a rising limb, a peak, a lag, a falling limb.
River regime
A UK upland nival/pluvial mix vs the Mississippi: the same year, different graphs.
Ocean currents
Gyres are the loops. The Gulf Stream is a warm ribbon the UK notices in the air, not as a miracle heater of every garden.
Thermohaline conveyor
Density is colour. Cold salty water sinks. The conveyor is slow and global.
Carbon cycle
Fast stores and slow stores. The fossil-fuel tap is a human transfer from slow to fast.
ENSO and the Walker cell
The Walker cell can flip. El Niño is a warm pool shift, not a personality. UK weather language stays honest.
Groundwater
A Chalk well in Yorkshire and an Ogallala centre-pivot in Kansas both drink a store you cannot see. The water table is a surface, not a underground lake.